U.S. Export Control Unpredictability Is Testing the Limits of U.S.-India Tech Cooperation

U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio and India's External Affairs Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar signed agreements to enhance defense cooperation, including a comprehensive Underwater Domain Awareness roadmap and expanded Quad initiatives. However, U.S. export control unpredictability, including ad-hoc licensing practices, complicates India's ability to implement these agreements, despite multi-billion-dollar joint projects under initiatives like iCET and INDUS-X.