COMMENT: Indus Waters Treaty at a strategic crossroads — Part I

The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), a 65-year-old agreement between India and Pakistan, is under threat as India unilaterally placed the treaty in abeyance in May 2025, violating its obligations. This action disrupts Pakistan’s water, food, and energy security by enabling India to accelerate upstream infrastructure projects and withholding critical hydrological data.